Causative agents
- Bordetella bronchiseptica


Differential diagnosis
- Mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine
- Swine pasteurellosis
- Swine influenza


1. History taking
- Vaccination history in piglets and sows
- Reduced weight gain and feed efficiency
- Retarded growth rate


2. Clinical examination
- Frequent sneezing, sniffling, snoring, nasal
  discharge and tearing
- Turbinate atrophy and distortion of nasal septum
- Shortening or twisting of the upper jaw
- Malocclusion


3. Serological test
- Tube agglutination test


4. Necropsy
- Atrophy, abnormal growth of turbinate
- Blanched appearance of the mucosa with purulent
  material


5. Histopathological observation
- Atrophy and disappearance of the nasal septum
  due to absorption of bone tissue and bone
  hypoplasia
- Acute or chronic catarrhal inflammation in the
  mucous membrane of the septum

6. Bacterial isolation
Specimen : nasal swab in 0.5 ml of an ice cold
transport medium (TM) consisting of PBS
containing 5% fetal calf serum or starch
medium, in postmortem case, swab from
turbinate bone or frontal sinus
(ethmoidal area)
Medium    : 10% blood agar and 1-2% glucose-
MacConkey agar, incubate aerobically at
37°C for 24-48 hr
- Colony: circular, dewdrop-like on blood agar and
  flat, glistening, grayish tan with dark center on
  1-2% glucose MacConkey agar
- Slide agglutination test with antiserum
- Characteristics of isolate: gram negative,
  coccobacilli with catalase and oxidase (+), OF (-),
  indole (-), urea (+), citrate (+), nitrate (+), acid
  from glucose, lactose and sucrose (-)


Control and Treatment
- Vaccinate baby pigs (intranasally), sows and gilts
  (intramusculary) with live vaccine or bacterin
- Maintain a closed herd for prevention
- Isolate and cull infected animals, treat the rest
  with antibiotic and vaccinate 2 weeks after the
  treatment
- Continue culturing and surveillance until no
  infected animals are found
- Test isolates of B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida
  for antimicrobial susceptibility
- Add Sulfonamides in the feed (up to 5 weeks) for
  B. bronchiseptica control and simultaneously
  vaccinate with bacterin