Causative agent  
- Hemophilus paragallinarum



Differential diagnosis  
- Chronic fowl cholera
- Fowl pox
- A-avitaminosis
- Avian mycoplasmosis
- Infectious bronchitis
- Infectious laryngotracheitis



1. History taking  
- Airborne and contact infection
- Cause transient clinical signs sometime lasting
  for only 1-2 weeks
- High morbidity but low mortality
- More severe and chronic when complicated with
  other agents such as M. gallisepticum, Fowl pox,
  lB, Pasteurella spp.



2. Clinical examination  
- Serous to mucous nasal dischage, face edema,
  conjunctivitis, swollen wattles



3. Necropsy  
- Acute catarrhal inflammation of the mucous
  membrane of nasal passages and sinuses,
- Catarrhal conjuntivitis
- Subcutaneous edema of face and wattles

4. Histopathological observation  
- Hyperplasia of mucosal and glandular epithelial
  of trachea
- Hyperemia and edema of tunica propria of trachea
  with heterophils infiltration
- Acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia with heterophil
  and cell debris filling the lumen of bronchi


5. Bacterial isolation  
Specimen : nasal discharge or mucous from
                  infraorbital sinus
Medium    : blood agar
- Culture : incubate the agar at 37°C for 24 hr under
  5% CO₂ condition
- Gram negative, coccobacilli, small transparent
  satellite colonies grow arround the Staphylococcus
  inoculated line

Control and treatment  
- Vaccination with inactivated vaccine
- Isolation of infected chicken
- Antibiotic treatment
  (sulfathiazole and spectinomycin)