Causative agents
Cutaneous habronemiasis:
- Habronema spp. (larvae) Gastric habronemiasis
- Habronema muscae (adult)
- Habronema microstoma (adult)
- Habronema megastoma (adult)


Differential diagnosis
None


1. History taking
- Horse raising area
- Endemic area of habronemiasis
- Abundant of housefly (Musca domestica) and
  stablefly (Stomoxys calcitran) in the manure, the
  most favourable breeding place


2. Clinical examination
Cutaneous habronemiasis :
- Deep ulcer with elevated and raised rim of
  granulomatous tissue
- Moist or chronic inflammation skin areas
- Severe and pain
- Secondary bacterial and fungal infection
Gastric habronemiasis :
- Colic
- Recurrent acute gastritis
- Anorexia
- Emaciation, weakness, anemia


3. Microscopic examination
- Scrape cutaneous nodules or curette the
  lesion, then mix the scrapings with normal
  saline solution on slide, examine under light
  microscope

4. Fecal examination
- Gastric lavage for egg findings


5. Necropsy
Gastric habronemiasis :
- Gastric hyperemia volcanic-like lesion of
  gastric mucosa
- Habronema spp. Both in and around the lesion
- Granulomatous abscess formation in gastric
  wall (H. megastoma)
- Erosion of gastric mucosa found to be covered
  with thick, tenacious mucus (H. muscae)
- Heavily clumping of H. microstoma adult
  worms at the junction of the non-glandular
  and glandular parts of the gastric mucosa


6. Histopathological observation
- Eosinophilic granulomatous tissue infiltration
  and proliferation
- Bursitis lesions


Control and treatment
- Proper disposal of manure by regular
- Regular collection of horse manure
- Fly control by spraying 5% DDT solution in
  diesel oil or in kerosene once a week on the
  walls, railings and posts of stables, and the
  trunks of trees in the pasture
- Protection of skin from breaches and burns