Differential diagnosis
- Milk fever
- Calcium deficiency
- Respiratory diseases


Etiology
- Any disorder that interferes with normal effective
  ventilation
- Hepatic dysfunction or decreased hepatic blood
  flow
- Diarrhea
- Renal failure
- Acute enteritis
- Imbalance ionic feed


1. History taking
- Excessive loss of the bicarbonate ion in acute
  enteritis
- Occurs with an increased production or ingestion
  of organic acid such as lactic
- acid in acute carbohydrate engorgement in
  ruminant
- Grain engorgement in horses
- Occurs in the newborn at the time of prolonged
  and difficult parturition


2. Clinical examination
- Polyuria
- Diarrhea
- Dehydration
- Hyperpnea
- Decrease in both amplitude of the pulse and the
  blood pressure
- Cardiac irregularities
- Increased heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac
  contractility
- Weakness
- Lassitude and terminal coma

3. Blood analysis
Specimen : blood, serum
Method : pH meter,
Diacetyl monoxime method
Level: blood pH is lower than 7.0
blood urea nitrogen ↑


4. Urinalysis
Specimen : urine
Method : urine strip test,
atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Level: urine pH is typically low
- increased urinary calcium excretion


Control and Treatment
Treatment
- Administration of 2.5 - 4.5 litres of Isotonic
  (1.3 % ) Sodium bicarbonate solution, IV. or by
  oral. The volume depends on the severity of the
  condition
Control
- Avoid overfeeding