Differential diagnosis
- Urea toxicosis
- Acute grain overload
- Nitrate poisoning
- Cyanide poisoning
- Bloat


Etiology
- Inactivation of cholinesterase as a result of
  parasitic treatment
- Accidental exposure


1. History taking
- Recent treatment with granular or powdered
  insecticide formulation
- Recent spraying and dipping of animals in
  concentrated formulation or application to animals
  of compound recommended for plant


2. Clinical examination
- Signs reflect overstimulation of the
  parasympathetic nervous system, skeletal muscle,
  the central nervous system and acetylcholine
  accumulation
- Hypersalivation
- Gastrointestinal hypermotility
- Abdominal cramping
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Sweating
- Dyspnea
- Cyanosis
- Miosis
- Muscle fasiculations
- Convulsion
- Death from hypoxia
- Pathogenic changes are minimal and non-specific

3. Feed analysis
Specimen : feed
Method : Chromatography


4. Stomach content analysis
Specimen : stomach content
Method : Chromatography


5. Spray (dip) formulation analysis
Specimen : pesticide
Method : Chromatography


6. Blood analysis
Specimen : serum
- Measuring the amount of acetylcholinesterase in
  the animal's serum


7. Diagnostic treatment
- Oxime, such as 2 - PAM should be given if
  organophosphate poisoning is known or
  suspected
- Atropine sulfate is the pharmacologic antidote for
  both organophosphate and carbamate poisoning


Control and treatment
- Calculate the concentration for spraying or dipping
  procedures and oral dosage preparation correctly
- Separate granular or powdered pesticides which
  may be mistaken as salt or mineral preparation,
  for animal feed