Differential diagnosis
- Vitamin E deficiency
- Arthritis due to erysipelas
- Foot rot
- Copper deficiency
- Molybdenum deficiency


Etiology
- Forage grown on low-selenium areas
- Low dietary selenium,vitamin E and sulfur
  containing amino acid
- Excessive amounts of vitamin A
- Excessive unsaturated fatty acid


1. History taking
- Occurs on grazing animal in neutral or acid soil
  areas
- Low dietary of vitamin E intake


2. Clinical examination
Chicks :
- Reduce growth rate
Swine:
- Lost reproductive efficiency
- Locomotor incoordination
Cattle/Sheep :
- Muscular weakness
- Reproductive failure
- Retained placenta
- Unthriftiness
- Persistent diarrhea in young cattle


3. Necropsy
Chicks :
- Pectoral muscular dystrophy
- Pancreatic dystrophy
- Exudative diathesis; severe subcutaneous edema
  (breast and abdomen)
Swine :
- Muscular necrosis

Cattle :
- Muscular dystrophy with pale skeletal muscle
- Slaughing of tongue epithelium
- Subendocardial plaques
- Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal effusions pulmonary
  congestion and edema


4. Histopathological observation
Chicks :
- Exudative diatheses
- Pancreatic fibrosis
Cattle :
- Acute myocardial degeneration
- Calcification and degeneration of skeletal muscle
  and myocardium


5. Blood analysis
Specimen : serum, plasma
Method : Fluorornetric determination
- Def.level: < 0.025 µg/ml in cattle
< 0.06 µg/ml in swine
<0.03 µg/ml in chicks


6. Tissue analysis
Specimen : liver
Method : Fluorometric determination
- Def.level: < 0.02 µg/ml in cattle
< 0.1 µg/ml in swine
<0.25 µg/ml in chicks


7. Feed analysis
Specimen : feed
Method : Fluorometric determination
- Def.level: < 0.1 µg/gm in cattle
< 0.08 µg/gm in swine
<0.06 µg/gm in chicks


Control and treatment
- Supplementation of selennite, selenate or
  selenium rich protein
- Improve of low selenium area