Differential diagnosis
- Excess nitrates
- Eye disease
- Parasite diseases
- Muscular disease
- Lung disease
- Skin disease
Etiology
- Insufficient intake of carotene in feed
- Excess nitrates interfere with carotene utilization
- The drought feeding
1. History taking
- Intake only dry hay for long period
2. Clinical examination
- Decreased appetite
- Reduced weight gain
- Night blindness
- Excessive lacrimation
- Nasal discharge
- Tmpaired tooth development, abnormal enamel
deposits
- Edema of joints and brisket
- Hyperkeratinization, dermatitis, fading of hair color
- Muscular incoordination, lameness
- Susceptibility to respiratory and other infection
such as lung trouble, coughing, pneumonia
- Lose of reproductive ability
3. Necropsy
Poultry
- Resembling pustules in the mouth pharynx,
esophagus and extend into the crop
- White or grayish white urate deposits on surfaces
of the heart, liver and spleen usually urate or
uratelike deposit are found in the thickened fold of
the bursa of Fabricius
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- In mature birds; all organs affected in severe
cases
Cattle and other animal
- Keratinization of the epithelial cells of the
olfactory, respiratory upper alimentary and urinary
tracts
- Degenerative changes in central and peripheral
nervous systems
Young animal
- Disproportionate growth of skull and vertebrae to
cause compression of brain and spiral cord.
Increased cerebrospiral fluid
- The prolifertry zone of bosawas reduced in young
animal
4. Histopathological observation
- Squamous metaplasia of the secretory and
glandular epithelium
- Atrophy and degeneration of epithelium of
respirotory and digertive tract and formed
pserdomembrone
5. Blood analysis
Specimen : serum
Method : HPLC & Fluorometric determination
- Level : 30 - 60 µg/dl (normal)
6. Tissue analysis
Specimen : liver
Method : HPLC & Fluorometric determination
Control and Treatment
- Treatment
500,000 I.U. vitamin A daily per animal (not more
than 2 weeks in pig)
- Control
Supplement with 25,000 I.U. vitamin A daily per
animal
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