- All body cavities contain excessive fluid which
  contains variable amount of fibrin with blood-
  stained
- Necrosis of muscle fibers with center striation
  and degeneration of fatty and granular
- Severe parenchymatous degeneration of liver,
  kidneys and endocrine glands
- Fibrinohemorrhagic pleuritis


5. Tissue smear 
- Gram staining of skin and muscle reveals
  straight, round-ended Gram positive rod or
  pleomorphic

6. Experimental animal inoculation 
- 0.1-0.2 ml of emulsion of lesion: inoculate IM to
  guinea-pig (die 1-2 day after injection)
- Local lesion in guinea pig similar to that in cattle
- Stamp smear of liver surface stained with
  Giemsa
- C. chauvoei : single or 2 rods chained
- C. septicum : long rods chained big


7. Bacterial isolaion 
Specimens : edema tissue, heart, blood and sections
                    of muscle
- Strictly anaerobic culture using fresh media,
  colonies of clostridia be grown after 40 hr. only
  anaerobically
- Identification : see table


8. Serological test 
- Fluorescent antibody technique for detection of
  bacteria

Control and treatment 
- Vaccination in enzootic areas
- Disinfection of animal house and barns