Causative agent 
- Clostridium haemolyticum
- C. septicum, C. sordellie, C. novyi and
  C. perfringens


Differential diagnosis 
- Blackleg
- Anthrax
- Necrotic enteritis
- Bloat
- Anaplasmosis
- Copper and Nitrate poisoning


1. Carcass examination 
- Crepitation in swollen subcutaneous tissue
- Emphysema and edema in a part of sudden
  dead carcass
- Bloody discharge from the natural body
  openings (rare)


2. History taking 
- Animals in good condition are most
  susceptible.
- Flooding of natural drainage or by carrier
  animals from infected area
- The disease is on dry, open range country.
- Recovery without treatment is rare.
- Highest incidence in irrigated or poorly
  drained pasture, especially if the soil is
  alkaline
- Peracute or acute, but not enzootic
- History of the disease in the farm or
  surrounding area
- Existence of injured or surgical operation.
- Possibility of puerperal infection
- Recent transfer of soil inside and outside barn


3. Clinical examination 
- Sudden onset with complete cessation of
  rumination, feeding, lactation and defecation
  and found deadwithout showing signs
- Disinclination to move an arched-back posture
- Shallow and labored respiration and weak
  and rapid pulse
- Fever (39.4-41°C)
- Edema of the brisket with crepitation
- Dark red urine and dark brown feces
- Duration of illness varies from 12 hours-4
  days