Causative agent 
- Trypanosoma evansi


Differential diagnosis 
- Babesiosis
- Anaplasmosis
- Theileriosis


1. History taking 
- Susceptible in all domestic animals, fatal disease
  can occur in horses and dogs
- Less pathogenic infection in buffaloes, cattle and
  pigs
- Decreased milk production and occasionally causing
  abortion
- Vectors are horse fly (Tabanus sp.) and stable fly
  (Stomoxy sp.)
- Outbreak often occurs after rainy season


2. Clinical examination 
- Anorexia emaciation
- Anemia to jaundice
- Stiffness and swelling of legs
- Intermittent fever
- Opacity of the cornea
- Late abortion (6-7 months)
- infected cattle may show nervous signs such as
  cycling and convulsion


3. Microscopic examination 
- Demonstration of trypanosomes from wet blood
  film, thick and thin blood smears, and cerebrospinal
  fluid
- Trypanosomes are best demonstrated in early
  infections and in acute desease
- Hematocrit centrifuge technique (HCT)
- Quantitative buffy coat technique (QBC)

4. Experimental animal inoculation 
- Inoculate suspected blood into laboratory rodents


5. Serological tests 
- Card agglutination test (CATT)
- IFAT
- ELISA


6. Necropsy 
- Patchy alopecia
- Petechiae and ecchymoses of visible mucosa
- Edema of the limbs, lower abdomen and thorax
- lcterus


7. Histopathological observation 
- Detection of Trypanosoma in brain, lung, spleen
  and liver


Control and treatment 
- Preventive control with trypanocidal drugs before
  and after fly season
- Fly control by regular application with effective
  insecticides to animals
- Whole herd treatment with trypanocidal drugs
  such as isometamidium chloride (Samorin^R), or
  diminazene aceturate (Berenil^R) on the positive
  farm