Causative agent
- Porcine parvovirus, family Parvoviridae


Differential diagnosis
- Aujeszky's disease
- Encephalomyocarditis
- Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
- Japanese B encephalitis
- Leptospirosis
- Toxoplasmosis


1. Epidemiology
- Common in swine
- The most common routes of infection are oronasal
  and transplacental
- Contaminated premises are major reservoirs of PPV
- Boars may play a significant role in dissemination of
  PPV at a critical time


2. Clinical examination
- Maternal reproductive failure, infertility
- Fetal mummification, abortion, stillbirth, neonatal
  death and reduce neonatal viability
- Decomposed placenta wrapped around fetuses


3. Necropsy
- Embryonic death followed by resorption of fluid and
  soft tissue
- Stunting and obvious loss of condition are
  macroscopic changes in fetuses infected before
  they become immunocompetent
- Increased prominence of blood vessels over the
  surface of fetuses and placenta
- Congestion, edema, and hemorrhage with
  accumulation of sanguinous fluid in body cavity

4. Histophathological observation (in fetus)
- Necrosis and vascular damage in a wide variety of
  tissues and organs
- Perivascular cuffing of plasma cell and lymphocytes
  in brain, spinal cord and choroid of the eyes


5. Serological test
Specimens : sera or body fluid of fetuses or stillborn
pigs
Method      : HI test


6. Antigen dectection
Specimens : lung, kidney or other tissues of aborted
fetuses or stillborn pigs
Method      : FA test on cryostat section


7. Virus isolation
Specimens : brain, lymph nodes or other tissues of
aborted fetuses, placenta
Method      : ESK inoculation and CPE observation


8. Virus identification
- HA and HI test
- FA test


Control
- Vaccination of gilt
- Vaccination of seronegative sows and boars